The Re-Emergence of Rift Valley Fever in Mananjary District, Madagascar in 2021: A Call for Action.

An epizootic of rift valley fever (RVF) was suspected on 21 February 2021 in various districts of Madagascar, with a lab confirmation on 1 April 2021. A cross-sectional survey aiming to detect cases of RVF in humans and to study the circulation of rift valley fever virus (RVFV) in animals was conducted from 22 April to 4 May 2021 in the district of Mananjary. Blood samples from cattle and humans were tested using serological and molecular techniques. In cattle, the circulation of RVFV was confirmed between 5 February and 4 May 2021. The positivity rates of anti-RVFV IgG and IgM were 60% and 40%, respectively. In humans, the circulation of RVFV was observed from 1 April to 5 May 2021. The positivity rate of RVFV was estimated to be 11.7% by combining the results of the molecular and serological approaches. Of the 103 individuals who agreed to participate in the survey, 3 were determined to be positive by RT-PCR, and 10 had anti-RVFV IgM. Among them, one was positive for both. Given that previous studies have reported the circulation of RVFV during inter-epidemic periods and the occurrence of outbreaks due to imported RVFV in Madagascar, our findings suggest the importance of strengthening RVF surveillance from a "One Health" perspective by conducting syndromic and risk-based surveillance at the national and regional levels.

Therapeutic efficacy and safety of artesunate + amodiaquine and artemether + lumefantrine in treating uncomplicated Plasmodium falciparum malaria in children on the rainy south-east coast of Madagascar.

Malaria is a major public health problem in Madagascar, particularly in coastal areas. We conducted a randomized, controlled, parallel-group study of artemisinin-based combination therapy (ACT) in Mananjary and Farafangana, two localities on the rainy south-east coast of Madagascar, from March to September 2018. The efficacy and safety of artesunate + amodiaquine (ASAQ) and artemether + lumefantrine (AL) were assessed according to the WHO protocol with a 28-day follow-up. Children aged 6 months to 14 years with uncomplicated Plasmodium falciparum malaria were randomized to receive ASAQ or AL for three days (1:1). 347/352 (98.5%) randomized patients reached the study endpoint on day 28. Crude adequate clinical and parasitological response (ACPR) rates were 100% (95% CI: 98.8-100%) in the ASAQ group and 96% (95% CI: 93.1-98.9%) in the AL group (per protocol population). However, the PCR-corrected ACPR rate was 97.7% (95% CI: 95.4-100%) in the AL group. Two cases of recrudescence and three of re-infection were observed. Mild and moderate adverse events, including gastrointestinal and/or nervous disorders, were reported in 11.9% (42/352) of patients. We found that ASAQ and AL were safe and efficacious for treating uncomplicated P. falciparum malaria. They may be used for treatment at health facilities and at the community level, and for mass drug administration campaigns.

Title: Efficacité thérapeutique et sécurité de l'artésunate + amodiaquine et de l'artéméther + luméfantrine pour le traitement du paludisme simple à Plasmodium falciparum chez les enfants sur la côte sud-est pluvieuse de Madagascar. Abstract: Le paludisme demeure un problème majeur de santé publique à Madagascar notamment dans les régions côtières. Nous avons réalisé une étude multisite, randomisée, contrôlée, en groupes parallèles sur la combinaison thérapeutique à base des dérivés d'artémisinine (CTA) à Mananjary et Farafangana, deux localités sur la côte sud-est pluvieuse de Madagascar, de mars au septembre 2018. L'efficacité et la sécurité de l'artésunate + amodiaquine (ASAQ) et de l'artéméther + luméfantrine (AL) ont été évaluées selon le protocole de l'OMS avec un suivi de 28 jours. Des enfants âgés de 6 mois à 14 ans souffrant de paludisme non compliqué à Plasmodium falciparum ont été randomisés (1:1) pour recevoir ASAQ ou AL pendant trois jours. 347/352 (98,5 %) des patients randomisés ont pu être suivis jusqu'au jour 28. Le taux de réponse clinique et parasitologique adéquate (RCPA) était de 100 % (95 % CI : 98,8 ­ 100 %) dans le bras thérapeutique ASAQ et de 96 % (95 % CI : 93,1 ­ 98,9 %) dans le bras thérapeutique AL (population per protocole). Cependant, après correction par PCR, le taux de RCPA était de 97,7 % (95 % CI : 95,4 ­ 100 %) dans le bras thérapeutique AL. Deux cas de recrudescence et trois cas de réinfections ont été observées. Des effets indésirables légers et modérés, notamment des troubles gastro-intestinaux et/ou nerveux, ont été rapportés chez 11,9 % (42/352) des patients. Nos résultats démontrent que l'ASAQ et l'AL sont sûrs et efficaces pour le traitement du paludisme non compliqué à P. falciparum. Ces deux CTA peuvent par conséquent être utilisés pour traiter le paludisme dans les centres de santé et au niveau communautaire, et aussi pendant les campagnes de traitement de masse.

Three cases of intestinal capillariasis in Lao People's Democratic Republic.

Capillaria philippinensis is a rare zoonotic intestinal parasite that emerged in the 1960s. The outcome of intestinal capillariasis may be fatal if untreated in due time. We report three cases of intestinal capillariasis in Lao People's Democratic Republic (Lao PDR). The three patients were unrelated previously healthy young men (24, 26, and 27 years of age) with no underlying disease or immune depression. They had chronic diarrhea, abdominal pain, edema, and severe weight loss. Two of them acquired the infection in Thailand; the other patient had no travel history outside Lao PDR. All patients were seen several times in different hospitals before the diagnosis was made. All had concurrent parasite infections: Giardia lamblia, Entamoeba histolytica, Strongyloides stercoralis, Opisthorchis viverrini, and hookworm. The patients frequently consumed uncooked fish. After treatment with albendazole (400 mg/day for 21-30 days) all patients recovered. In Lao PDR, consumption of raw small freshwater fish is common. Therefore, the possibility of a capillariasis outbreak should be considered.